"One scarcely dares to breathe when one reads Hoffmann." This entry in Robert Schumann's personal diary is emblematic of the profound impression caused by the stories of E.T.A. Hoffmann. Schumann, son of a librarian in Zwickau, was a voracious reader since his childhood and he would naturally resonate with an author so close in interests and sensitivity. Some years before the composition of Fantasiest?cke and Kreisleriana, he writes again: "In the evening read from that damned Hoffmann", "Read Hoffmann, ceaselessly. New worlds", "Read the one and only Datura Fastuosa by Hoffmann. Lord God! What a mind!" But who was E.T.A. Hoffmann? And why did he fascinate at this point the hypersensitive spirit of Schumann? Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann was a German jurist, musician and draftsman who gained notoriety mainly in Germany as writer and novelist. Very controversial and despised, he was ironically nicknamed "Gespenster-Hoffmann" (Ghost-Hoffmann) because of his inclination for ghost stories; Goethe defined his works as "sick" and Walter Scott concluded that Hoffmann should have sought medical help. Hoffmann's tales are indeed characterized by a peculiar combination of fairy-tale worlds and everyday scenes, supernatural and horror, mysterious and grotesque flavoured with the Romantic taste for irony, satire and parody. But it is exactly this bizarre mix between realism and fantasy that impressed Schumann so profoundly. The contrast between reality and imagination and their mixing evolves from the narrative device that employs couples of characters with opposite and complementary personalities. The doppelg?nger, typical topos in German Romantic literature, is very often used by Jean Paul Richter (another author that Schumann venerated) and by Schumann himself through the split of his personality into the characters of Eusebius and Florestan. Along with the use of doubling present at times in his works (for example Eugenius and Sever in the previously mentioned Datura Fastuosa, or Kreisler and Ettlinger, the mad painter) this brilliant writer goes beyond overlapping reality and fantasy in such manner that the character itself (and the reader) is almost no longer able to distinguish between them. This is the case of the famous novel "Der goldene Topf" (The Golden Pot) published in the middle of the Fantasiest?cke in Callots Manier (Fantasy pieces in Callot's manner). Naturally, the title chosen by Schumann for his Fantasiest?cke op.12 refers to the homonymous work by Hoffmann.
