Discovering Music

Contents

• About the Author
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• PART I The Elements of Music
• The Listening Experience
• Musical Elements: An Overview
• What Is Classical Music?
• timeline
• CHAPTER 1 Pitch, Melody, and Key
• Pitch
• Notating Pitch
• making connections: The Physics of Sound: The Octave
• Melody
• making connections: The Ancient Greeks and Consonances
• Key
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 2 Rhythm, Meter, Texture, and Dynamics
• Rhythmic Values
• Tempo Markings
• making connections: The Metronome
• Pulse or Beat
• Measures
• Texture
• Harmony
• Tonality
• Dynamics
• making connections: The Sound of Silence
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 3 Timbre, Instruments, and Ensembles
• Timbre
• The Voice
• The Family of Musical Instruments
• Musical Ensembles
• Benjamin Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra (1946)
• check your knowledge
• listening map 1: Benjamin Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra [1946]
• CHAPTER 4 Musical Form
• Binary and Ternary Form
• making connections: Musical Form in Architecture and Painting
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 5 Learning How to Listen
• Listening to Hamilton, My Shot
• Mapping the Listening Experience
• listening map 2: Lin-Manuel Miranda, Hamilton, My Shot [2015]
• check your knowledge
• part i summary
• PART II?The Middle Ages
• Why Listen to Medieval Music?
• timeline
• Milestones of the Medieval Era
• CHAPTER 6 Origins of Medieval Music
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 7 Music for the Christian Church
• Gregorian Chant
• The Divine Office and the Mass
• Medieval Christmas Music: Viderunt omnes
• check your knowledge
• listening map 3: Anonymous, Viderunt omnes (All the Ends of the Earth) [fifth century]
• CHAPTER 8 Hildegard of Bingen
• listening map 4: Hildegard of Bingen, O viridissima virga (O Greenest Branch) [twelfth century]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 9 Leonin and the Rise of Polyphony
• making connections: Gothic Cathedrals and Polyphonic Architecture
• check your knowledge
• listening map 5: Leonin, First Respond from Viderunt omnes (All the Ends of the Earth) [twelfth century]
• CHAPTER 10 Secular Medieval Music
• Musical Instruments
• Secular Medieval Song
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 11 Machaut and the Rise of Secular Polyphony
• check your knowledge
• listening map 6: Guillaume de Machaut, Puis qu'en oubli sui de vous (Since you have forgotten me) [ca. 1365]
• part ii summary
• global connections:
• Myanmar: Buddhist Chant and Ritual Music
• making connections: Music for Celebrations
• PART III The Renaissance
• Why Listen to Renaissance Music?
• Humanism
• Rebirth
• timeline
• Classical Revival
• Artists as Individual Creators
• Transition to Modernity
• CHAPTER 12 The Development of Renaissance Music
• making connections: The Renaissance Rediscovers Classical Antiquity
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 13 Guillaume Dufay and the Franco-Flemish Style
• making connections: Brunelleschi's Dome
• listening map 7: Guillaume Dufay, Mass Se la face ay pale, Kyrie [ca. 1450]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 14 Josquin Desprez
• making connections: Lorenzo the Magnificent
• check your knowledge
• listening map 8: Josquin Desprez, Ave Maria [ca. 1485]
• CHAPTER 15 Palestrina and the Counter-Reformation
• making connections: Martin Luther and the Reformation
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 16 New Currents: National Styles
• The Italian Madrigal
• making connections: Art Imitates Life: The Shocking Music of Carlo Gesualdo, Prince of Venosa
• The English Madrigal
• listening map 9: Thomas Weelkes, As Vesta Was from Latmos Hill Descending [1601]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 17 The Rise of Instrumental Music
• making connections: The English Reformation
• listening map 10: William Byrd, Pavana Lachrymae for harpsichord solo, based on John Dowland's lute song Flow My Tears [ca. 1600]
• check your knowledge
• part iii summary
• global connections:
• Bali: Gamelan Music
• making connections: The Gamelan and the West
• PART IV The Baroque
• Why Listen to Baroque Music?
• Baroque Art and Architecture
• The Musical Legacy of the Baroque
• timeline
• CHAPTER 18 Elements of Baroque Music
• The Development of Tonality
• The Basso Continuo
• Melody, Rhythm, and Dynamics in Baroque Music
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 19 Claudio Monteverdi and the Rise of Italian Opera
• making connections: St. Mark's Basilica, Venice
• making connections: Orfeo and the Rise of the Orchestra
• listening map 11: Claudio Monteverdi, Orfeo, Act III, Possente spirto (O Powerful Spirit), excerpt [1607]
• Barbara Strozzi and the Chamber Cantata
• listening map 12: Barbara Strozzi, Voglio morire (I Wish to Die) from L'Amante segreto (The Secret Lover) [1651]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 20 The Spread of Opera
• Opera in France
• making connections: Music as Royal Power: Lully at the Court of Louis XIV
• Henry Purcell and English Opera
• check your knowledge
• listening map 13: Henry Purcell, Dido and Aeneas, Act III, When I Am Laid in Earth [1689]
• CHAPTER 21 Baroque Instrumental Music
• The Violin Family
• The Harpsichord
• The Organ
• New Musical Genres
• Arcangelo Corelli
• The Baroque Concerto
• listening map 14: Arcangelo Corelli, Trio Sonata in A Minor, Op. 3 No. 10 [1689]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 22 Antonio Vivaldi
• listening map 15: Antonio Vivaldi, Spring from The Four Seasons, Op. 8 No. 1, First Movement [ca. 1725]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 23 Johann Sebastian Bach's Life and Career
• Bach's Early Life and Career Beginnings
• The Move to Cothen
• Final Years in Leipzig
• making connections: Bach's Children and Wives
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 24 Bach's Instrumental Music
• Bach and the Fugue
• making connections: Fugues beyond Music
• listening map 16: J. S. Bach, Little Fugue in G Minor for Organ [ca. 1708-1717]
• Bach's Concertos
• check your knowledge
• listening map 17: J. S. Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 5 in D Major, First Movement [1721 or earlier]
• CHAPTER 25 Bach's Sacred Music
• Bach's Cantatas
• making connections: A Tale of Two Churches
• listening map 18: J. S. Bach, Cantata No. 140, Wachet auf (Sleepers, Awake!), First Movement [1731]
• Bach's Other Religious Music
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 26 George Frideric Handel
• making connections: Handel versus Bach: Two Baroque Titans Compared
• Handel's Life and Career
• listening map 19: G.F. Handel, Water Music: Alla Hornpipe [1717]
• Handel and Italian Opera
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 27 Handel and the English Oratorio
• making connections: Handel, the Duke of Cumberland, and Bonnie Prince Charlie
• making connections: Handel's Messiah and Jonathan Swift
• listening map 20: G.F. Handel, Messiah, Aria, Rejoice Greatly, O Daughter of Zion [1742]
• listening map 21: G.F. Handel, Messiah, Hallelujah Chorus [1742]
• making connections: Standing Up for Handel
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 28 The End of the Baroque
• check your knowledge
• part iv summary
• global connections:
• Japan: The Koto
• making connections: Musical Representations of Spring
• PART V The Classical Period
• Why Listen to Music from the Classical Period?
• The Enlightenment
• timeline
• The Revival of Antiquity
• CHAPTER 29 Music in the Classical Period
• Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de St. Georges
• LISTENING MAP 22: Joseph Bologne, Chevalier de St. Georges, Violin Concerto in A major, Op. 5 No. 2, Rondeau [ca. 1775]
• Melody in Classical Music
• making connections: Balance in Neoclassical Art and Architecture
• Dynamics in Classical Music
• Rhythm in Classical Music
• Harmony and Texture in Classical Music
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 30 Genres and Forms in Classical Music
• New Instrumental Genres
• Sonata Form
• Theme and Variations Form
• Minuet and Trio
• listening map 23 W.A. Mozart, Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), K. 525, First Movement, Allegro [1787]
• listening map 24 Franz Joseph Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise), Second Movement (Andante) [1791]
• Rondo Form
• listening map 25 W.A. Mozart, Eine kleine Nachtmusik (A Little Night Music), K. 525, Third Movement (Allegretto) [1787]
• making connections: The Rise of the Minuet
• listening map 26 Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C Minor, Op. 13 (Pathetique), Third Movement (Allegro) [1798]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 31 Joseph Haydn
• Haydn's Life and Music
• making connections: The Esterhazys and Haydn
• Haydn and the Classical Orchestra
• making connections: Haydn in England
• Haydn and the String Quartet
• listening map 27 Franz Joseph Haydn, Symphony No. 94 in G Major (Surprise), Fourth Movement (Allegro Molto) [1791]
• Haydn's Influence
• listening map 28 Franz Joseph Haydn, String Quartet in G Major, Op. 76 No. 3 (Emperor), Second Movement (Poco adagio, cantabile) [1797]
• making connections: The Politics of Haydn's Emperor's Hymn
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 32 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
• Mozart's Life and Career
• making connections: Mozart as Freemason
• making connections: Mozart and Posterity
• Mozart and the Classical Concerto
• Maria Theresia von Paradis: The Blind Enchantress
• listening map 29 Maria Theresia von Paradis, Morgenlied eines armen Mannes (The Morning Song of a Poor Man) [1786]
• Mozart and Italian Opera
• listening map 230 W.A. Mozart, Piano Concerto No. 23 in A Major, K. 488, First Movement (Allegro) [1786]
• Mozart and German Opera
• listening map 31 W.A. Mozart, The Marriage of Figaro, K. 492, Act I, Scene 2, Figaro, Se vuol ballare (If you want to dance) [1786]
• listening map 32: W.A. Mozart, The Magic Flute, K. 620, Act II, Scene?3, Queen of the Night, Der Holle Rache (Vengeance of Hell) [1791]
• Mozart's Legacy
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 33 Ludwig van Beethoven
• Beethoven's Early Period
• making connections: Beethoven and Haydn
• Beethoven's Middle Period
• listening map 33 Ludwig van Beethoven, Piano Sonata in C-Sharp Minor, Op. 27 No. 2 (Moonlight), First Movement (Adagio sostenuto) [1801]
• making connections: Napoleon as Romantic Figure
• Beethoven's Fifth Symphony in C minor
• making connections: Finding Meaning in Beethoven's Fifth Symphony
• listening map 34 Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, First Movement (Allegro con brio) [1808]
• listening map 35: Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Second Movement (Andante con moto) [1808]
• listening map 36 Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Third Movement (Allegro) [1808]
• Beethoven's Late Period
• listening map 37 Ludwig van Beethoven, Symphony No. 5 in C Minor, Fourth Movement (Allegro) [1808]
• Beethoven's Death and Funeral
• Beethoven's Legacy
• check your knowledge
• part v summary
• global connections:
• Thailand: Music of the Khaen
• making connections: Free-Reed Instruments
• PART VI The Romantic Period
• Why Listen to Romantic Music?
• Romantic Movements
• timeline
• CHAPTER 34 Music in the Romantic Period
• Melody in Romantic Music
• Dynamics and Expression Marks in Romantic Music
• Tempo and Rhythm in Romantic Music
• Harmony and Tonality in Romantic Music
• Forms and Genres in Romantic Music
• Timbre and Tone Color in Romantic Music
• making connections: Romantic Content in Program Music
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 35 Art Song
• making connections: Lyric Poetry and Us
• Schubert's Life
• Schubert's Lieder
• making connections: Goethe and Music
• Schubert's Erlking
• listening map 38 Franz Schubert, Erlkonig (The Erlking) [1815]
• Robert Schumann
• Schumann's Dichterliebe, Op. 48
• Clara Schumann
• listening map 39 Robert Schumann, Im wunderschonen Monat Mai (In the Lovely Month of May), from Dichterliebe (Poet's Love) [1840]
• Clara Schumann, Liebst du um Schonheit (If You Love for Beauty)
• listening map 40: Clara Schumann, Liebst du um Schonheit (If You Love for Beauty) [1841]
• making connections: Clara Schumann as Composer
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 36 Piano Music
• making connections: The Age of the Virtuoso
• Frederic Chopin
• making connections: A Double Portrait by Delacroix
• listening map 41 Frederic Chopin, Nocturne in E-Flat Major for Piano, Op. 9 No. 2 [1831]
• listening map 42: Frederic Chopin, Prelude in D Minor for Piano, Op. 28 No. 24 [1839]
• Franz Liszt
• making connections: Lisztomania
• Fanny Hensel
• listening map 43: Franz Liszt, Petrarch Sonnet No. 104 [1858]
• listening map 44: Fanny Hensel, Il Saltarello Romano (The Roman Saltarello) in A Minor, Op. 6 No. 4 [1841]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 37 Orchestral Music
• Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy
• making connections: Mendelssohn as Conductor
• listening map 45: Felix Mendelssohn, Overture to A Midsummer Night's Dream, Op. 21 [1826]
• Hector Berlioz
• making connections: The Romantics and Opium
• listening map 46: Hector Berlioz, Fantastic Symphony, Finale, Dream of a Witches' Sabbath [1830]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 38 Romantic Opera
• Italian Romantic Opera
• French Romantic Opera
• listening map 47: Giuseppe Verdi, Rigoletto, Act III, Canzone, La donna e mobile (Woman Is Fickle) [1851]
• German Romantic Opera
• making connections: Musical Cues in Wagner and Beyond
• listening map 48: Richard Wagner, Das Rheingold, concluding scene, The Gods' Entrance into Valhalla [1854]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 39 Musical Nationalism and Realism
• Nationalism in Music
• making connections: Nationalism in Art
• Antonin Dvorak
• making connections: Jeanette Thurber and Music Patronage, Americanized
• Russian Music
• listening map 49: Antonin Dvorak, Symphony No. 9 (From the New World), Second Movement, Largo [1893]
• Harry T. Burleigh
• LISTENING MAP 50: Harry T. Burleigh, Deep River (1916)
• listening map 51: Modest Mussorgsky, Pictures at an Exhibition, The Great Gate of Kiev (1874), orchestrated by Maurice Ravel [1922]
• making connections: The Afterlife of La Boheme
• listening map 52: Georges Bizet, Carmen, Act 1, Habanera [1875]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 40 Late Nineteenth-Century Romanticism
• Johannes Brahms
• LISTENING MAP 53: Johannes Brahms, Violin Concerto in D major, Op. 77, Third Movement
• Pyotr Tchaikovsky
• LISTENING MAP 54: Tchaikovsky, Romeo and Juliet [1880]
• Program Music of the Late Nineteenth Century
• Gustav Mahler
• LISTENING MAP 55: Gustav Mahler, Songs of a Wayfarer, No. 2 [1896]
• part vi summary
• global connections: North India: Rhythm in Hindustani Music
• MAKING CONNECTIONS: Rhythmic Patterns
• PART VII The Modern Era
• Why Listen to Music from the Modern Era?
• Modernist Innovations
• timeline
• CHAPTER 41 Music in the Twentieth Century
• Alternatives to Tonality
• Arnold Schoenberg and the Rejection of Tonality
• making connections: Atonality and Soundtracks
• New Experiments with Rhythm and Timbre
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 42 The Modernist Revolution
• Claude Debussy
• making connections: The Eiffel Tower as Modernist Icon
• making connections: Symbolism
• listening map 56: Claude Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun [1894]
• Igor Stravinsky
• making connections: The Ballets Russes
• listening map 57: Igor Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, Introduction and Augurs of Spring: Dance of the Adolescents [1913]
• Arnold Schoenberg
• making connections: Wassily Kandinsky and German Expressionism
• listening map 58: Arnold Schoenberg, Pierrot lunaire, No. 5, Valse de Chopin [1912]
• Alban Berg and Anton von Webern
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 43 Neoclassicism
• Sergei Prokofiev
• making connections: Music in the Soviet Union
• Stravinsky and Neoclassicism
• listening map 59: Sergei Prokofiev, Classical Symphony, First Movement [1917]
• listening map 60: Igor Stravinsky, Symphony of Psalms, Second Movement (Psalm 40:1-3) [1930]
• making connections: Stravinsky as Lecturer
• Bela Bartok
• making connections: Palindromes and Musical Symmetries
• check your knowledge
• listening map 61: Bela Bartok, Music for String Instruments, Percussion and Celesta, Third Movement [1936]
• CHAPTER 44 National Styles
• English Music
• Dmitri Shostakovich and Russian Music
• check your knowledge
• listening map 62: Dmitri Shostakovich, Symphony No. 5, Second Movement [1937]
• CHAPTER 45 American Music: Beginnings to Aaron Copland
• Amy Beach
• Charles Ives
• listening map 63: Amy Beach, Romance for Violin and Piano, Op. 23 [1893]
• listening map 64: Charles Ives, General William Booth Enters into Heaven [1914]
• William Grant Still
• listening map 65: William Grant Still, Afro-American Symphony, Third Movement (Humor) [1930]
• making connections: The Harlem Renaissance and the New Negro
• George Gershwin
• making connections: Rhapsody in Blue: An Icon of American Music
• Aaron Copland
• listening map 66: Aaron Copland, Appalachian Spring, Section 7: Variations on the Shaker melody Simple Gifts [1944]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 46 Jazz
• The Rise of Jazz: Ragtime and Blues
• making connections: Robert Johnson and the Blues as Literature
• listening map 67: Bessie Smith, Lost Your Head Blues [1926]
• Early Jazz: New Orleans and Beyond
• The Birth of Swing Music
• Duke Ellington
• listening map 68: Duke Ellington, Mood Indigo [1930]
• The Birth of Bebop
• listening map 69: Charlie Parker, Constellation [1948]
• Cool and Free Jazz
• listening map 70: Miles Davis, Bitches Brew (Miles Runs the Voodoo Down, opening section) [1969]
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 47 Film Music, Musicals, and Contemporary Popular Styles
• The Rise of Film Music
• listening map 71: John Williams, Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back [1980]
• Musicals
• Contemporary Popular Styles
• making connections: The Many Roles of Leonard Bernstein
• listening map 72: Leonard Bernstein, West Side Story, Balcony Scene, Tonight [1957]
• making connections: The '60s: Music of Protest
• check your knowledge
• CHAPTER 48 The Eclipse of Modernism: New Frontiers
• The New Order: Total Serialism
• New Resources in Sound
• making connections: An Early Electronic Studio
• listening map 73: Edgard Varese, Poeme electronique (Electronic Poem), opening 2'36 [1958]
• Further Developments in Electronic Music
• listening map 74: John Cage, 4'33 [1951]
• making connections: Across the Arts: John Cage, Robert Rauschenberg, and Merce Cunningham
• Women and Contemporary Music
• listening map 75: Ellen Taaffe Zwilich, Concerto grosso, First Movement [1985]
• Postmodernism
• making connections: Minimalism in the Visual Arts
• listening map 76: John Adams, Short Ride in a Fast Machine [1986]
• Into the Twenty-First Century
• The Future
• listening map 77: Sofia Gubaidulina, Violin Concerto No. 2 (In tempus praesens), opening section [2007]
• LISTENING MAP 78: Caroline Shaw, The Orangery [2015]
• check your knowledge
• part vii summary
• making connections: BRAZILIAN MUSIC AND THE WORLD
• Glossary
• Credits
• Index