Chanting the Hebrew Bible: The Art of Cantillation

Contents

• How to Use this Book
• Transliterations, Translations and Text Sources
• Chapter 1 Cantillation
• The Ritual Art of Chanting the Hebrew Scriptures
• The Terminology of Cantillation
• Chironomy
• Why Chant?
• The Scroll
• Ambiguity in the Consonantal Text
• The Masoretic Text
• The Rhythm of Cantillation
• The Pitches of Cantillation
• Ekphonetic Notation
• Transcriptions of the te'amim
• Inflection
• Resolving Ambiguity
• Chapter 2.1 Parallelism
• Corresponding Parallelism
• Parallel Actions
• Analogous Parallelism
• Elliptical Parallelism
• Chapter 2.2 The Primary Dichotomy: Siluk and Etnahta
• The Disjunctive Siluk
• Meteg
• The Disjunctive Etnahta
• Chanting
• Diagramming Phrases
• Parsing
• Level One: Contiguous Segments
• Exception: Verses without Etnahta
• The Pausal Form
• Word Order
• Chapter 2.3 Level Two: Tippeha
• The Secondary Dichotomy: Tippeha
• Three Independent Clauses
• The Simple Sentence
• The Nominal Clause
• Chapter 2.4 Conjunctives
• Recursive Dichotomy
• Disjunctives and Conjunctives within a Segment
• Merekha - The "Servant" of Siluk
• Merekha - The "Servant" of Tippeha
• Merekha Khefulah
• Munah
• Conjunctives and Dagesh Kal
• The "Conjunctive Soft" Form
• Chapter 2.5 Substitutions
• Tippeha Substituting for a Conjunctive
• One-Word Clauses in Level One
• Two Te'amim on a Long Word
• Mayela and Siluk on a Single Word
• Mayela and Etnahta on a Single Word
• Munah and Etnahta on a Single Word
• Merekha and Tippeha on a Single Word
• Two Munahs: A Double Conjunctive
• Chapter 2.6 Level Two: Zakef
• Stepping Segments
• Stepping Segments and Nesting Segments
• The Four Forms of Zakef
• Munah-The Conjunctive Serving Zakef Katon
• A New Model
• Another Upgrade
• Review: Three Models of Dichotomy
• Review
• Verb in Second Position
• The Word
• The Vocative Case
• Chapter 2.7 Level Two: Segol
• When Does Segol Appear?
• Munah-The Conjunctive Serving Segol.
• Shalshelet as a Substitute for Segol
• Pasek
• The Seven Occurences of Shalshelet
• Rabbinic Exegesis of Shalshelet
• Chapter 2.8 Tevir
• The Disjunctive Tevir
• Examples of Tevir
• Relative Cadences: Tippeha and Tevir
• Upgrading: Tevir Substituting for Merekha
• The Conjunctives of Tevir: Darga and Merekha
• A New Model
• Verb In Terminal Position
• Chapter 2.9 The Remote Conjunctives of Tevir
• Kadma And Munah: The Secondary Conjunctives of Tevir
• Verb in the Middle - Part Two
• Secondary Accents
• Merekha Khefulah and Darga: Two Conjunctives before Tippeha
• More than One Remote Conjunctive
• Three or More Conjunctives
• Chapter 2.10 Revia'
• Upgrade: Tevir to Revia'
• The Dichotomy of Lists
• Revia' Analysis
• Three Level-Three "Stepping" Segments
• Darga-The Remote Conjunctive Of Revia'
• Three Conjunctives before Revia'
• Chapter 2.11 Pashta
• The Disjunctive Pashta
• Pashta and Kadma
• Yetiv-A Substitute for Pashta
• Munah Upgraded to Pashta or Yetiv
• The Meteg as Lengthener
• Substitutions and the Conjunctive-Rafeh Rule
• Verses with No Conjunctives
• The Conjunctives of Pashta-Mahpakh and Merekha
• Derivation of the Name "Mahpakh"
• Mahpakh and Pashta on The Same Word
• Mahpakh and Yetiv
• The Retracted Accent-Nasog Ahor
• The Remote Conjunctives of Pashta-Kadma or Munah
• The Third and Fourth Remote Conjunctives of Pashta
• Revia'-The Initial Level-Three Disjunctive before Pashta
• Upgrading Pashta to Revia'
• Chapter 2.12 Zarka
• Zarka
• The Conjunctives of Zarka
• Upgrading Munah-Segol to Zarka-Segol
• Upgrading for Long Words
• The Remote Conjunctives of Zarka-Kadma or Munah
• Munah Instead of Kadma
• Three Conjunctives before Zarka
• Four Conjunctives before Zarka
• Two Subdivisions under Segol
• Three Subdivisions under Segol
• Chapter 2.13 Level Four: Geresh
• Simple Verses and Complex Verses
• Subdividing a Level-Three Segment
• Geresh and Double Geresh
• The Forms of Geresh
• Geresh without a Conjunctive
• Upgrading for Long Words
• The Conjunctives of Geresh-Kadma and Munah
• The Remote Conjunctive of Geresh-Telishah Ketanah
• Munah-The Conjunctive before Telishah Ketanah
• To Geresh or Not to Geresh?
• The Geresh Segment In Context
• Chapter 2.14 Level Four: Legarmeh
• The Disjunctive Legarmeh
• Legarmeh or Geresh?
• The 2+1 Division and Exceptions to the Rule
• Stepping Level-Four Segments
• The Conjunctive of Legarmeh-Merekha
• Three or More Stepping Segments
• Analysis of Complete Verses
• Chapter 2.15 Level Four: Pazer
• The Distribution of Level-Four Terminators
• The Disjunctive Pazer (Katan)
• The Conjunctive of Pazer-Munah
• Level-Four Segments
• Three Stepping Segments
• The Pazer Segment in Context
• Lists
• Level Five
• Chapter 2.16 Level Four: Pazer Gadol
• The Disjunctive Pazer Gadol (Karney-Farah)
• The Conjunctive of Pazer Gadol-Galgal (Yerah-Ben-Yomo)
• The Pazer Gadol Clause in Context
• Chapter 2.17 Telishah Gedolah
• The Disjunctive Telishah Gedolah
• Telishah Gedolah as a Substitute for Geresh
• Telishah Gedolah and Geresh on the Same Word
• Telishah Gedolah as a Substitute for Pazer
• Telishah Gedolah as a Level-Five Terminator
• Telishah Gedolah as a Substitute for Telishah Ketanah
• The Telishah Gedolah Clause in Context
• Chapter 3 Pronunciation
• The Importance of Correct Pronunciation
• Halakhic Evidence
• The Evolution of the Hebrew Language
• An Official Hebrew Diction
• The "Elevated" Style
• About this Guide
• Consonant "Voicing"
• The Pronunciation of
• The Pronunciation of and
• The Pronunciation of
• Other Differences
• Run-on Words
• Vowel Length
• Pure Vowels
• Consistent Pronunciation
• Doubled Consonants
• Becoming Familiar with Dagesh Hazak
• Mappik
• The Function of Mappik
• The Sound of Mappik
• Shin and Sin
• Matres Lectionis-
• Syllables
• Open Syllables
• Closed Syllables
• Dagesh Kal
• The Conjunctive Soft Form
• Consonant Endings
• Dagesh Hazak in
• Vocal Sheva (Sheva Na')
• Intermediate Sheva (Sheva Merahef)
• Summary: Prefix Chart
• Kamats Forms
• Kamats before Dehik
• Two Approaches to the Rules of Pronunciation
• Furtive Patah (Patah Genuvah)
• And as Consonants
• Some Words Are Not Pronounced as They Are Written
• Syllabic Stress: Millera' and Mille'el
• Marking the Accent
• The Secondary Accent
• Syllabic Rhythm
• Makkef
• Vowel Length Reduction in Connected Words
• Special Te'amim for Contiguous Accents
• Retraction
• Secondary Stress
• Observations on Secondary Stress
• The Euphonic Meteg
• Meteg Summary
• The Pausal Form
• Vowel Changes in Pausal Form
• Change Of Stress in the Hiatus Form
• Change Of Stress in Vav Conversive
• The Directional (or "Locative") Suffix
• Suffixes and Syllabic Stress
• Rare Words that Begin with Dagesh Hazak ( )
• Pronunciation of the Conjunctive Dagesh
• The Vocalization of Prefixes
• The Definite Article
• Prepositional Prefixes
• The Word
• The Interrogative Prefix
• Vav Conjunctive
• Vav Conversive
• The Prepositional Prefixes
• The Prepositional Prefix
• Formal Classical Pronunciation versus Colloquial Modern Pronunciation
• General Pronunciation Exercises
• Chapter 4 Canon And Masorah
• A History of the Scrolls
• The Aniquity of Cantillation
• Where Do the Melodies Come From?
• The Chanting of Scripture
• Did Tiberian Notation Represent an Ancient Tradition?
• The Septuagint
• Other Ancient Greek Manuscripts
• Evidence in the Talmud
• Other Systems of Punctuation
• The Musical Realization of the Tiberian System
• The Notation Systems
• The Tiberian Codices
• The Aleppo Codex
• Other Ancient Codices
• Chapter and Verse
• Printed Bibles
• The Soferim and the Consonantal Text
• Masoretic Annotations and Lists
• Chapter 5.1 The Te'amim
• Disjunctives
• Conjunctives
• Other Signs
• Remote Conjunctives
• Invariables
• Upgrading in a Two-Word Domain
• Upgrading in the Presence of Long Words
• Substitutions for Musical Considerations
• Frequency Chart
• Repeating Te'amim
• The Hierarchy of the Te'amim
• The Twenty-One Books and the Three Books
• The Poetic Books: Psalms, Proverbs and Job
• Chapter 5.2 Two Te'amim on a Single Word
• Primary and Secondary Accents
• Meteg
• The Euphonic Meteg
• Double Conjunctives
• Double Disjunctives
• Doubled Invariables
• Postpositives
• Prepositives
• High and Low Accents: Two Traditions
• The Decalogue
• The Saga Of Reuben
• Chapter 5.3 Troubleshooting
• Commonly Confused Te'amim
• Errors in Rhythm
• Commonly Mispronounced Consonants
• Commonly Mispronounced Vowels
• Incorrect Syllabic Stress
• Biblical Hebrew and Contemporary Hebrew
• The Last Word
• Chapter 5.4 Parsing The Hebrew Bible
• Some Definitions
• Overview-The Steps Involved in Parsing
• Identify the Verbs
• Parallelism-Pairs of Clauses
• The Verbless (Nominal) Clause
• Coordinated Verbs
• More than Two Independent Clauses
• The Subordinate Clause
• Downgrading the Time Stamp
• Inverted Downgrade
• Quotations
• Linked Word Pairs
• Inconsistency of Style
• Construct ( ) Followed by a Linked Pair
• Particles
• Other Words
• The Word
• Lists
• Emphatic Words
• The Verb and its Complements
• Puzzling Punctuation
• The Limits of Predictability
• Chapter 5.5 The Pedagogy of Cantillation
• The Cantillation Class
• Applying the Paradigm to the Student's Portion
• Flash Cards
• Dictation
• Listening Activities
• Teaching Inflection
• Applying the Melodies to Familiar Words
• Reinforcing the Patterns
• Suggestions for Self-Study
• Preparing to Read from a Scroll
• Chapter 6.1 Interpreting the Te'amim
• Music of the People
• The Liquid Tradition Becomes Frozen
• One Tradition among Many
• Music Serves the Text
• Transcription of the Te'amim
• Rhythmic Notation
• Pitch Notation
• The Names of the Te'amim
• Syllabic Stress
• Improvisation
• Smoothing
• Redistribution
• Compensation
• Pick-Up Pitch Adjustment
• The Rhythm of Cantillation
• Reading Complete Phrases
• High and Low Te'amim
• Chapter 6.2 Torah
• Historical Development of the Public Reading
• Contemporary Practices in Traditional Synagogues
• The Cycle of Readings
• The Combined Pericope
• The Division of the Pericope
• Extra Aliyot
• The Number of Olim
• The Number of Verses
• The Maftir
• Simhat Torah Customs
• Procedures Related to the Torah Reading
• The Correct Reading of the Torah
• Qualifications for the Ba'al Keri'ah
• Correcting An Error In The Reading
• A Defect in the Scroll
• Tokhehot
• Remembering Amalek
• Ta'amey Ha-'Elyon
• Other Special Customs
• The Melodies of the Cantillation Motifs
• The Siluk and Etnahta Segments
• The Zakef Segment
• The Tevir Segment
• The Pashta/Yetiv Segment
• The Segol/Shalshelet Segment
• The Revia' Segment
• The Legarmeh Segment
• The Geresh Segment
• Telishah Gedolah
• Pazer
• Munah Galgal Pazer-Gadol
• The Final Cadence
• Special Melodies
• Akdamut Millin
• Chanting the Torah Blessings
• The Kaddish
• Summary of the Te'amim
• The Scale of the Torah Cantillation
• The Te'amim according to Abraham Binder
• Chapter 6.3 Haftarah
• Contemporary Traditional Practice
• Historical Development of the Haftarah
• Customs
• Etymology
• Haftarah Chart
• The Melodies of the Cantillation Motifs
• The Siluk and Etnahta Segments
• The Zakef Segment
• The Tevir Segment
• The Pashta/Yetiv Segment
• The Segol Segment
• The Revia' Segment
• The Legarmeh Segment
• The Geresh Segment
• Other Segments
• The Final Cadence
• Modulations to the Lamentation Mode
• Blessings
• Yatsiv Pitgam
• Summary of the Te'amim
• Chapter 6.4 The Festival Megillot: Song Of Songs, Ruth, and Ecclesiastes
• The Contemporary Practicea nd its Roots
• The Song of Songs
• Ruth
• Ecclesiastes
• The Siluk and Etnahta Segments
• Merekha Siluk
• Etnahta
• Tippeha
• The Tevir Segment
• The Zakef Segment
• The Pashta/Yetiv Segment
• The Segol Segment
• The Revia' Segment
• The Legarmeh Segment
• The Geresh Segment
• Gereshayim
• Telishah Gedolah
• Pazer
• The Final Cadence
• Blessings
• Summary of the Te'amim
• Chapter 6.5 Esther
• The Contemporary Practice and its Roots
• The Siluk and Etnahta Segments
• Tippeha
• The Tevir Segment
• The Zakef Segment
• The Pashta/Yetiv Segment
• The Segol Segment
• The Revia' Segment
• The Legarmeh Segment
• The Geresh Segment
• Telishah Gedolah
• Pazer
• Munah Galgal Pazer-Gadol
• The Final Cadence
• The Invitational Cadence
• Lamentation Verses
• Exceptional Verses
• Blessings
• Shoshannat Ya'akov
• Summary of the Te'amim
• The Scale of the Te'amim
• The Axes of the Te'amim
• Chapter 6.6 Lamentations (Ekhah)
• Structure
• Liturgical Use
• Lamentations Motifs in other Readings
• Chanting Chapter Three
• The Siluk and Etnahta Segments
• Tippeha
• The Tevir Segment
• The Zakef Segment
• The Pashta/Yetiv Segment
• The Segol Segment
• The Revia' Segment
• The Legarmeh Segment
• The Geresh Segment
• Other
• Final Cadences
• Summary of the Te'amim
• The Scale of the Cantillation
• Chapter 6.7 Torah for the High Holiday Morning Service
• The Siluk and Etnahta Segments
• Tippeha
• The Tevir Segment
• The Zakef Segment
• The Pashta/Yetiv Segment
• The Segol Segment
• The Revia' Segment
• The Legarmeh Segment
• The Geresh Segment
• Telishah Gedolah
• Pazer
• The Final Cadence
• Chanting the Blessings
• Kaddish
• Summary of the Te'amim
• The Scale of the Te'amim
• Chapter 7.1 Comparison Chart
• Chapter 7.2 The Ideal Reader
• Chapter 7.3 Guide to the Readings
• Genesis
• Exodus
• Leviticus
• Numbers
• Deuteronomy
• Special Torah Readings
• Simhat Torah
• Public Fast Days
• Rosh Hodesh
• Shavuot
• High Holidays
• Haftarot
• Genesis - Haftarot
• Exodus - Haftarot
• Leviticus - Haftarot
• Numbers - Haftarot
• Deuteronomy - Haftarot
• Special Haftarot
• Ruth
• Song of Songs
• Ecclesiastes (Kohelet)
• Lamentations
• Esther
• Chapter 7.4 Glossary
• Bibliography
• Index